**[HAZARAGI GRAMMAR &]{.smallcaps} PHONETICS [CHART]{.smallcaps}** **[Consonants]{.underline}**

English	IPA	Hazaragi/ Arabic	لوظا	Hazaragi/ Latin	Glossary	Meaning	Remarks
b	b	ب	بُز	b	būz	goat
p	p	پ	پُونڈق	p	ponɖūq	bud
th/t	t/t̪	ت	تُوت	t	thūth	berry	I used "th" instead of [t]
T	ʈ	ٹ	ٹکہ	ʈ	ʈãkaʰ	male goat	Not in Dari/Farsi
s	s	ث	ثمر	s	sʌmar	fruit	T. Malistani
j	d͡ʒ	ج	جاتی	j̄	j̄athi	cobbler's needle	“john” Ref to Roman
ch	t͡ʃ	چ	چپچُور	č/ç	čapčūr	a hand tool	“chew” Ref to OTS Roman
h/ʰ	h	ح	حلوآ	h/ʰ	ʰalwã	sweet desh
kh	X	خ	خُرو	x	xūrū	hen	velar [x] slightly vary
d	d	د	دآنہ	d	danaʰ	seed	Uni. Pen. Pho.
D	ɖ	ڈ	ڈغ	ɖ	ɖɣ	bang sound	Not in Dari/Farsi
z	ð	ذ	ذآکر	ð	ðakir	reciter	Ref. SILA-IPA
r	ɾ/r	ر	راہ	r	raʰ	path
z	z	ز	زُغال	z	zūɣãl	coal/ash
zh	ʒ	ژ	ژرپس	ž	žr:apus	pouring rain	Ref. OTS
s	s	س	سر	s	sar	head
sh	ʃ	ش	شُور	š/ş	šūr	draining	Ref. to OTS Roman G
s	s	ص	صندُوق	s	sandūq	box
z	z	ض	ضعیف	z	zaief	feeble
t	t	ط	طوطی/ ا	t	thoti(a)	parrot	I used "th" instead of [t]
z	z	ظ	ظرف	z	zarf	desh
ai	ʕ	ع	علمک	ʕ	ʕlmak	wink	Uni. Pen. Pho.
gh	ʁ	غ	غُر	ɣ	ɣɑ̈ūr	rour	Ref. OTS to Roman. (ɑ̈u)
f/ph	f	ف	فیل پیل	f ph	fel fe:l	elephant	[f] used for both English variations
q	q	ق	قف	q	q͏ʌf	foam
k	k	ک	کُوئ	k	kūi	calling
g	g	گ	گپ	g	gʌp	speak
l	l	ل	لینگ	l	leng	limb/leg
m	m	م	مُوئ	m	mūi	hair
n	n	ن	نیلغہ نادو اًنگ ننگ بنگ	n [ñ/ɲ/ŋ] ng	nilɣʌʰ ñdo ɲg ɲg ŋg bang	toddler gullible dokey's -bray honor rooster- crowing	= simple [n] = ñ with a = front [ɲ] = back [ŋ] =simple [ng]
w/v	w/o	و	وئے اُوے	w/o	woye owya	weep/cry	Ref: [w] Haz. - Nawha. [o] Tariq Malistani
h/ʰ	h	ہ/ھ	حلوآ	h/ʰ	ʰalwa	dessert	variations & aspiration
La	ɫ	لا	لاغُو	ɭ	ɭɣɑ̈ū	frypan	ɑ̈u
y	y	ے	ے نہ	y	yanʰ	this	(a'nʰ/اینہ)
	Vowels
aa	ɑ	آ	الف مدآ	ã	آ	̃	Alternative to Roman G.
a	a	ا	الف	ā	اَ	̄	Daizangi Accent
ah	͏ʌ	اہ	الف زیر	͏ʌ	ِا	— _—	Ref: IPA-SILA
i	j	ی/ئ	یعنی	j	jani	then
ee	e:	یئ	ویئ	e:	wae:	weap
o	ɔ	او	اولگُُو	ɔ	ɔlgū	example
u	u	ؤ/وُ	بوئ	u	bui	spider
e	ɪ	اِ	اِسترچی	ɪ	ɪsthrči	jerk
uu	ʊ	ٌ / ُ	بُئ	ū	būi	smell	Ref. OTS
	ː	ّ	للّئ	ː	l:li	rolling	gemination
	’	’	اَغ'بد	’	͏ʌɣ'b͏ʌd	ugly	syllabus stop
	‏ʔ‎	‏ء‎	عمذہ	ʔ‎	ziyaʔ‎	hamza	Glottal stops "uh-oh"
	Diphthongs
	œ	آئ	آئینہ	ai	aina	mirror	Ref. Jack.H
	æ	اَی	اَیکہ	ɑ̈i	ɑ̈ikaʰ	mother	Ref. Jack.H
	əᶶ	ئو	جمخیئو	eu	jamxeu	quilt	Ref. Jack.H
	ɔⁱ	وئ	قُوئ	oi	qūoi	quit	Ref. Jack.H
	æᵘ	ئو	تائو	au	thau	fever	Ref. Jack.H
	ɑ̈ᵘ	آئو	آئوو	ɑ̈u	ãɑ̈u	deer	Ref. Jack.H
	uⁱ	اِی	بُوئ	ui	būui	smell	Ref. Jack.H

***[[\*Last Updated: 3.02.2026]{.underline}]{.smallcaps}***


1. Adapted from IPA-SILA: https://www.sila.org.au/phonetics_practice_tool/practice.html
2. Gehring, R., MA Thesis, 1996, University of Texas, Arlington. USA.
3. Arabic: alphabet source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet
4. University of Pennsylvania, Phonetics symbols https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2014/ling115/phonetics.html 5. The rest of the chart is in IPA; we have adopted the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet (APA) in using < ʌ > for the near-open central unrounded vowel. 6. The Arabic hamza is used as an auxiliary sound, sometimes completing the consonant at the word's end. <https://tinyurl.com/tjts5ms7> 7. The Arabic Alphabet. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet> 8. Urdu Keyboard from Keyman: https://keymanweb.com/#ur-latn,Keyboard_latinized_urdu 9. Turkic Academy organisation; The Organisation of Turkic States (OTS) approved a 34-letter Latin-based common alphabet. https://astanatimes.com/2024/09/turkic-states-revive-latin-based-alphabet-to-preserve-linguistic-heritage/

Hazaragi Language

Saamo