[pang-]
Morphological Status: Prefix
Type: Derivational
Core Meaning
Marks an instrument, means, utility, equipment, habitual activity, or thing used for a purpose.
1. Instrumental Noun
| Root | Meaning | Derived Form | Meaning |
| tigbas | hack | pangtigbas | machete; hacking tool |
| tokdol | poke with pole | panokdol | pole used for tokdol |
| i-lo | poison | pangi-lo | poison; poisoning agent |
2. Utility / Purpose Noun
| Root | Meaning | Derived Form | Meaning |
| kaen | eat | pangkaen | food money; eating utensil; provisions |
| agi | walk | pangagi | footwear |
3. Habitual Activity
| Root | Meaning | Derived Form | Meaning |
| isra’ | fish | pangisra’ | fishing |
| ayam | dog | pangayam | hunting with dogs |
Morphophonemics
The same nasal assimilation applies:
| Initial | Outcome |
| p | m |
| t | n |
| k | ng / Ø |
Examples:
Distinct but historically related affixes:
| Affix | Core Function | Typical Output | Example |
| pa- | causative, directive, service-seeking, designated-for | verbs, action nouns, purpose nouns | paexa’en “cause to sit”, patosar “go for a haircut” |
| pang- | instrumental, utility, means, habitual activity | tool nouns, purpose nouns, activity nouns | pangtigbas “machete”, pangisra’“fishing”, pangkaen “food money / eating utensil” |