[in-]

Sense 1
English: Translation
Completed action affix, indicates that the action has been completed.
Grammar
Sense 2
English: Translation
Intentional or deliberate action affix; conveys that the action was intentional or deliberate. (e.g., ine-met = threw) or as infix (e.g., stem: towad + -in- = tinowad)
Sense 3
English: Translation
Past tense affix; forms the past tense of verbs.
Sense 4
English: Translation
Change of state affix; indicates a change of state or condition.
affixation
Notes

Category: Infix (completed / resultative aspect)

Function

Marks:

  1. Completed / perfective action
  2. Result achieved (patient or affected entity emphasized)
  3. Compatible with dynamic and stative roots

Focuses on the result/state rather than the actor.

Morphophonemic Rules

Stem TypeForm
Consonant-initialC + -in- + rest of stem (true infix)
Vowel-initialin- + stem (prefix)

Examples:

g-in-iseng → giniseng
awake-ACT.PFV → ‘awakened’

t-in-emtem → tinemtem
wet-ACT.PFV → ‘drenched thoroughly’

in-item → initem
black-ACT.PFV → ‘blackened’

p-in-okan → pinokan
fall-ACT.PFV → ‘felled’

t-in-orog → tinorog
sleep-ACT.PFV → ‘slept off’
Tinorog na sana yo keleg.
‘slept off the pain’

Glossing Convention

  • CMPL or PFV = completed / perfective
  • Interlinear: C‑in‑stem → CMPL/stem meaning

Cross-References

[-omin-] → actor-focus completed

  • [pina-] → patient/caused completed

Usage Rule\

  1. *Placement*:
       - If the verb root starts with a vowel, -in- is prefixed to the base (e.g., in- + alin = inalin, meaning "removed").
       - If the verb root starts with a consonant, -in- is infixed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the base (e.g., segnad + -in- = sinegnad, meaning "cooked").

Examples\

  1. *Segnad* (to cook) + -in- = *Sinegnad* (cooked)\
  2. *Ta'o* (to give) + -in- = *Tina'o* (given)\
  3. *Dereka'* (to tickle) + -in- = *Dinereka'* (was tickled)

## Note on Combination with Mag- Prefix
When combined with the prefix mag- and the infix -in-, it can convey a different meaning, such as "to act like" the object in the base (e.g., imoy + mag- + -in- = maginimoy, meaning "to act like a monkey"). This combination is specific to mag- + -in- and not directly related to the -in- affix alone.

The -in- affix provides a way to form past tense verbs and convey completed actions, adding nuance to verb conjugation in Boie'nen.

 


 

[-in-]


 


 

Type: Infix / Prefix

Class: Aspect


 


 


 


 

Core Meaning


 


 

👉 Completed / result achieved


 


 


 


 

Rules


 


 

  • C-in-root → consonant initial
  • in-root → vowel initial


 


 


 


 


 

Examples


 


 

  • sinegnad → cooked
  • tinorog → slept off


 


 


 


 


 

🔑 FINAL DEFINITION


 


 

-in-: perfective infix marking completed action with focus on resulting state.

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