[pina-]

Category: Prefix (causative / patient-oriented completed)

Function

Marks:

1. Causative / factitive: an external agent causes the action or change of state
2. Completed / perfective aspect
3. Patient-focus orientation: emphasis on the affected entity

Surface form behaves as a single prefix, historically analyzable as pi- + na.

PINAmara yo tobig
CAUS-PFV dry DEF water
→ ‘The water was dried (by someone)’

PINAbariwas yo manok sa sa’ran
CAUS-PFV peddle DEF chicken in market
→ ‘Someone was made to peddle the chicken in the market’

Pinabariwas si Pedro sa sa’ran
CAUS-PFV peddle DEF Pedro in market
→ ‘Pedro was made to peddle in the market’

PINAsepeg ako
CAUS-PFV shame 1SG
→ ‘I was shamed’

Glossing Convention

• CAUS-PFV = causative + completed/perfective
• Interlinear: PINA-root → CAUS-PFV + root meaning

Cross-References

• [-in-] → general patient/resultive infix
• [-omin-] → actor-focus completed
• [pi-] → causative morpheme
• [na] → completion / resultive marker

Notes

pina- is productive across multiple roots (dynamic and stative).

• Appears when -in- is blocked or insufficient for patient/result marking.
• Complements [-in-] and [-omin-] in Boie’nen’s voice–aspect system.